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Maafa

“Die, yes; surrender, no.” In November 1838, an estimated 200–400 African and Brazilian-born people left the coffee estates...

On 19 October 1840, the American schooner Hermosa struck a reef near Spanish Key in the Abaco Islands....

Jean-Jacques Dessalines was a pivotal military leader during the Haitian Revolution and is recognized as the founding father of independent Haiti. Rising from field worker to revolutionary general and Haiti’s first...

Born during the Maafa around 1775 or 1776, Gabriel became a skilled blacksmith, a literate artisan, and a...

Sarah Forbes Bonetta—born Omoba Aina, or Ina, around 1843—lived a life shaped by extraordinary rupture, displacement, intellect, and...

On the morning of 9 September 1739, a group of African captives in South Carolina began an uprising that would become known as the Stono Rebellion, or Cato’s Rebellion. Beginning near...

Samuel “Sam” Sharpe was one of the principal leaders of the Baptist War, the largest uprising of captive...

In the final days of 1831, western Jamaica erupted into the largest uprising of captive people (Xaymacans) in...

Keti Koti is an Afro-Surinamese commemoration that brings together remembrance, spiritual tradition, and cultural celebration to mark the formal end of the Maafa in Suriname and the Dutch Caribbean on 1...

In 1820, the Antelope was seized off the coast of Florida with approximately three hundred African captives crowded...

Lunsford Lane (1803–1879) was a remarkable nineteenth-century entrepreneur, abolitionist, and author who rose from captivity as a house...

On 13 May 1888, a brief law signed in Rio de Janeiro brought a formal end to centuries of organised African captivity in Brazil. Known as the Lei Áurea — the Golden Law...